\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHerman Khan, The Emerging Japanese Superstate\u00a0(1970):
\n\n[The] Japanese are something between the West, with its general Faustian\nattitudes and concept of \u201cdominion over land and animal,\u201d and China,\nIndia, and many primitive cultures, which usually try to fit man into\nthe environment in a natural, noncoercive, and nondisturbing manner.\nThe Japanese are somewhat willing to make changes in the environment and to assert their will and fulfill their objectives, but they tend to\ndo so less grossly, less starkly, and with greater moderation, care, and\neven love for the environment than is characteristic of the root-and-\nbranch restructuring common in Western tradition.
Alex Kerr, Dogs and Demons\u00a0(2001):
\n\n\nWriters on Japan today mostly concern themselves with its banks and export manufacturing. But in the greater scheme of things, for a wealthy nation does it really matter so much if its GNP drops a few percentage points or the banks falter for a few years? The Tang dynasty poet Du Fu wrote, \u201cThough the nation perishes, the mountains and rivers remain.\u201d Long before Japan had banks, there existed a green archipelago of a thousand islands, where clear mountain springs tumbled over mossy stones and waves crashed along coves and peninsulas lined with fantastic rocks. Such were the themes treasured in haiku, bonsai and flower arrangements, screen paintings, tea ceremony, and Zen \u2013 that is, everything that defined Japan\u2019s traditional culture. Reverence for the land lies at the very core of Shintoism, the native religion, which holds that Japan\u2019s mountains, rivers, and trees are sacred, the dwelling place of gods. So in taking stock of where Japan is today, it is good to set economics aside for a moment and take a look at the land itself.
\nWhen we do, we see this: Japan has become arguably the world\u2019s ugliest country. To readers who know Japan from tourist brochures that feature Kyoto\u2019s temples and Mount Fuji, that may seem a surprising, even preposterous assertion. But those who live or travel here see the reality: the native forest cover has been clear-cut and replaced by industrial cedar, rivers are dammed and the seashore lined with cement, hills have been leveled to provide gravel fill for bays and harbors, mountains are honeycombed with destructive and useless roads, and rural villages have been submerged in a sea of industrial waste.
\nSimilar observations can be made about many other modern nations, of course. But what is happening in Japan far surpasses anything attempted in the rest of the world. We are seeing something genuinely different here. The nation prospers, but the mountains and rivers are in mortal danger, and in their fate lies a story-one that heretofore has been almost entirely passed over by the foreign media.
\nH. P. Lovecraft, describing a creepy New England hamlet doomed to be the setting for one of his horror stories, would say, \u201cOn viewing such a scene, who can resist an unutterable thrill of ghastliness?\u201d For a modern traveler seeking something of that Lovecraftian thrill, nothing would do better than a trip to Japan\u2019s countryside.
\nDuring the past fifty-five years of its great economic growth, Japan has drastically altered its natural environment in ways that are almost unimaginable to someone who has not traveled here. In the spring of 1996, the Japan Society invited Robert MacNeil, the retired co-anchor of The MacNeil/Lehrer News-Hour, for a month\u2019s stay in Japan. Later, in a speech presented at the Japan Society in New York, MacNeil said that he was \u201cconfused\u201d about what he saw, \u201cdismayed by the unrelieved banality of the [800-kilometer] stretch from Hiroshima to Tokyo, the formless, brutal, utilitarian jumble, unplanned, with tunnels easier on the eyes.\u201d
\nAcross the nation, men and women are at work reshaping the landscape. Work crews transform tiny streams just a meter across into deep chutes slicing through slabs of concrete ten meters wide and more. Builders of small mountain roads dynamite entire hillsides. Civil engineers channel rivers into U-shaped concrete casings that do away not only with the rivers\u2019 banks but with their beds. The River Bureau has dammed or diverted all but three of Japan\u2019s 113 major rivers. The contrast with other advanced industrial nations is stark. Aware of the high environmental cost, the United States has decided in principle not to build any more dams, and has even started removing many that the Army Corps of Engineers constructed years ago. Since 1990 more than 70 major dams have fallen across America, and dozens more are scheduled to be dismantled. Meanwhile, Japan\u2019s Construction Ministry plans to add 500 new dams to the more than 2,800 that have already been built.
\nTo see at close hand how the construction frenzy affects one small mountain village, let us take a short journey to Iya Valley, a picturesque fastness of canyons and peaks in the center of the southern island of Shikoku. When I bought an old thatch-roofed farmhouse in Iya in 1971, people considered this region so remote that they called it the Tibet of Japan. Villagers subsisted on crops such as buckwheat and tobacco, as well as forestry.
\nOver the next twenty-five years, young people fled Iya for the prosperous cities, and local agriculture collapsed. With its dramatic landscape and a romantic history going back to the civil wars of the twelfth century, Iya had a golden opportunity to revive its local economy with tourism and resorts in the 1980s. Yet in a pattern that repeats itself in countless regions across Japan, Iya failed to develop this potential. The reason was that the village suddenly found itself awash with cash: money that flowed from building dams and roads, paid for by a national policy to prop up rural economies by subsidizing civil-engineering works. Beginning in the 1960s, a tidal wave of construction money crashed over Iya, sweeping away every other industry. By 1997, my neighbors had all become construction workers.
\nMost foreigners and even many Japanese harbor a pleasing fantasy of life in the Japanese village. While driving past quaint farmhouses or perusing lovely photographs of rice paddies, it\u2019s tempting to imagine what bucolic country life must be: oneness with the seasons, the yearly round of planting and harvesting, and so forth. However, when you actually live in the countryside you soon learn that the uniform of the Japanese farmer is no longer a straw raincoat and a hoe but a hard hat and a cement shovel. In 1972, for example, my neighbor Mrs. \u041eto farmed tea, potatoes, corn, cucumbers, and mulberry for silkworms. In 2000, her fields lie fallow as she dons her hard hat every day to commute by van to construction sites, where her job is to scrape aluminum molds for concrete used to build retaining walls. In Iya Valley, it makes no sense to ask someone, \u201cWhat line of work are you in?\u201d Everyone lives off doboku, \u201cconstruction.\u201d
\nMore than 90 percent of all the money flowing into Iya now comes from road- and dam-building projects funded by the Construction, Transport, and Agriculture ministries. This means that no environmental initiative can possibly make headway, for Iya has become addicted to dams and roads. Stop building them, and Mrs. \u041et\u043e and most of the other villagers are out of work. Without the daily pouring of concrete, the village dies.
\nThe most remarkable paradox is that Iya doesn\u2019t need these roads and dams; it builds them only because it must spend the construction subsidies or lose the money. After decades of building to no particular purpose, the legacy is visible everywhere, with hardly a single hillside standing free of giant slabs of cement built to prevent \u201clandslide damage,\u201d even though many of these are located miles from any human habitation. Forestry roads honeycomb the mountains, though the forestry industry collapsed thirty years ago. Concrete embankments line Iya River and most of its tributaries, whose beds run dry a large part of the year because of the numerous dams siphoning water to electric power plants. The future? Although traffic is so sparse in Iya that in some places spiderwebs grow across the roads, the prefectural government devoted the 1990s to blasting a highway right through the cliffs lining the upper half of the valley, concreting over the few scenic corners that are left.
\nIf this is what happened to the \u201cTibet of Japan,\u201d one can well imagine the fate that has befallen more accessible rural areas. To support the construction industry, the government annually pours hundreds of billions of dollars into civil-engineering projects-dams, seashore- and river-erosion control, flood control, road building, and the like. Dozens of government agencies owe their existence solely to thinking up new ways of sculpting the earth. Planned spending on public works for the decade 1995-2005 will come to an astronomical \u00a5630 trillion (about $6.2 trillion), three to four times more than what the United States, with twenty times the land area and more than double the population, will spend on public construction in the same period. In this respect, Japan has become a huge social-welfare state, channeling hundreds of billions of dollars through public works to low-skilled workers every year.
\nIt is not only the rivers and valleys that have suffered. The seaside reveals the greatest tragedy: by 1993, 55 percent of the entire coast of Japan had been lined with cement slabs and giant concrete tetrapods. An article in a December 1994 issue of the popular weekly Shukan Post illustrated a ravaged coastline in Okinawa, commenting, \u201cThe seashore has hardened into concrete, and the scenery of unending gray tetrapods piled on top of one another is what you can see everywhere in Japan. It has changed into something irritating and ordinary. When you look at this seashore, you can\u2019t tell whether it is the coast of Shonan, the coast of Chiba, or the coast of Okinawa.\u201d
\nTetrapods may be an unfamiliar word to readers who have not visited Japan and seen them lined up by the hundreds along bays and beaches. They look like oversize jacks with four concrete legs, some weighing as much as fifty tons. Tetrapods, which are supposed to retard beach erosion, are big business. So profitable are they to bureaucrats that three different ministries \u2013 of Transport, of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, and of Construction \u2013 annually spend \u00a5500 billion each, sprinkling tetrapods along the coast, like three giants throwing jacks, with the shore as their playing board. These projects are mostly unnecessary or worse than unnecessary. It turns out that wave action on tetrapods wears the sand away faster and causes greater erosion than would be the case if the beaches had been left alone.
\nIt took some decades for this lesson to sink in, but in the 1980s American states, beginning with Maine, began one by one to prohibit the hard stabilization of the shoreline; in 1988, South Carolina mandated not only a halt to new construction but removal of all existing armoring within forty years. In Japan, however, armoring of the seacoasts is increasing. It\u2019s a dynamic we shall observe in many different fields: destructive policies put in motion in the 1950s and 1960s are like unstoppable tanks, moving forward regardless of expense, damage, or need. By the end of the century, the 55 percent of shoreline that had been encased in concrete had risen to 60 percent or more. That means hundreds of miles more of shoreline destroyed. Nobody in their right mind can honestly believe that Japan\u2019s seacoasts began eroding so fast and so suddenly that the government needed to cement over 60 percent of them. Obviously, something has gone wrong.
\nAlso via Alex Kerr, apparently in 1957 the Japanese Ministry of Construction commissioned some big-name composer and singers to make a ministry anthem, the Utopia Song:
\n\u98a8\u304c\u305d\u3088\u3050\u3088\u3000\u30c9\u30e9\u30a4\u30d6\u30a6\u30a7\u30a4
\n
\n\u8efd\u3044\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3067\u3000\u3069\u3053\u307e\u3067\u3082
\n\u6b4c\u306f\u6d41\u308c\u308b\u3000\u30ea\u30dc\u30f3\u306f\u3086\u308c\u308b
\n\u5c71\u3082\u8c37\u9593\u3082\u3000\u30a2\u30b9\u30d5\u30a1\u30eb\u30c8
\n\u30e9\u30f3\u30e9\u30f3\u3000\u30e9\u30f3\u30e9\u30f3
\n\u30e9\u30f3\u30e9\u30e9\u30f3\u30e9\u30f3\u3000\u30e9\u30f3\u30e9\u30f3
\n\u7d20\u6575\u306a\u3000\u30e6\u30fc\u30c8\u30d4\u30a2\u3000something like
\nThe wind is blowing on the highway
\n
With a light rythm, going on forever
The music flows, the ribbon waves
Both mountains and valleys are covered in asphalt
La la, la la, la la la la la la,
Wonderful utopiaThe sound of progress! Sadly there doesn\u2019t seem to be any recordings on the internet.
\n
Yeah, Japan’s postwar politics were
The Liberal and Democratic Parties merged into the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), under American pressure and supported by American money, which dominated national power from 1955 to 1993
In cities, with significant leftist presence (Japan had a powerful Communist movement similar to Italy) the left vote was limited by multi-member districts so, i.e. if the Communists had a 45% plurality in a city with 8 legislators they’d get 3 or 4 seats, not 8
Rural districts were not reapportioned for decades as the country urbanized, creating a “rotten boroughs” issue where their legislator:voter ratio was multiples of the cities’. The LDP in the Diet spent heavily on concrete projects here to prop up economies and create patronage ties, that’s the stuff described above.
Power within the LDP took the form of policy- and ideologically-empty cliques with a practice of rotation such that each clique would take power in turn and leading members would be cycled through cabinet positions of influence.
Like Italy, it was a system jerry-rigged with American support because under any presumably “neutral” system at some point the Communists would hold power, at which point they were expected to dismantle the democratic system and realign with the Soviet power bloc
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